Manchu Language and Culture Research Center, Heilongjiang University；School of Foreign Languages, Nanjing Audit Institute
2008年第2卷第1期（总第2期）
134-148
2008-10-01
In the Tungus-Manchu group, the endangerment of Manchu and Hezhe languages has been confirmed in the linguistic circles in China. Today, only aged people in some Manchu and Hezhe villages of Heilongjiang Province speak these two languages. This paper explores and analyzes the reasons for the endangerment of Manchu and Hezhe languages and provides evidence of the general rules of language endangerment. The research shows that social, psychological and linguistic factors work together to endanger the two languages. Their switch and variation modes have jointly endangered themselves, and the gradual and sudden changes in their linguistic systems have played a joint force. This paper is significant as a reference for further research into universal rules for the endangered languages.
the Manchu language, the Hezhe language, language endangerment, reasons
doi:10.26478/ja2008.2.2.8
An Jun. 1986. Brief Notes of Hezhe Language. [M] Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House.
Chao Ke & Zhao Aping. 2002. Researches & Studies on Endangered Ethnic Languages in China-Research Report on Current Manchu Language. [J] Manchu Studies. No. 2.
He Junfang. 2002. Analysis on Social & Cultural Contributors to Loss of Hezhe Language. [J] Journal of Minzu University of China. No. 2.
He Xuejuan. 2002-2005. Research Data on Usage of Hezhe Language in Cites of Jiamusi & Shuangyashan by Hezhe People. [R]
He Xuejuan. 2007. Current Hezhe Population & its Development. [J] Journal of Dalian Nationalities Institute. No. 2.
Investigation Team on Society & History of Ethnic Minorities in Heilongjiang Province, Ed. 1959. Combined Brief History of Hezhe Minority. [Z]
Ji Yongchang. 1999. 50-Year-History of Fuyu County. [Z] Harbin: Heilongjiang Press and Publication Administration.
Ji Yonghai. 2006. On loan Words in Manchu Language from Chinese. [J] Manchu Studies. No. 1.
Ji Yonghai & Bai Liyuan. 1990. On Relationship between Manchu language and Chinese in Village Sanjiazi. [A] Dept. In Three of Literature in Ethnic Minorities & Ethnic Languages Research Center of China Central University for Nationality (ed.): Studies on Relationship between Ethnic Languages and Chinese. [C]Journal of China Central University for Nationality.(sup.)
Jiang Chenghou & Ji Yongchang. 1990. Brief of Fuyu County. [Z] Beijing: Chinese Communist Party History Publishing House.
Jiang Hongbo. 1990. Studies on Current Hezhe Language & its Development. [J] Manchu Studies. No. 2.
Ling Chunsheng. 1934. Hezhe Minority in Lower Songhua River. [M] Nanjing: Independent Periodical (A) of Division of History and Language in National Research Institute.
Ma Qinghua. 2006. Multidimensional Research on Semantics. [M] Beijing: Language and Culture Press.
Memoir of Qing Emperors. 1985. [Z] Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
Moellendorff, P.G. 1892. A Manchu Grammar. [M] Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press.
Notes on Qing Writing.1957. [M] Reign of Emperor Qianlong. Publishing House of Minorities. copy.
Wang, W.S-Y. 1969. Competing Changes as a Cause of Residue. [J] Language.Vol. 45.
Wang Zhonghan. 1988. Compiled Studies on History of Manchu Minority. [C] Beijing: Publishing House of China Social Sciences.
Wu Baozhu. 2003.Research & Analysis on Current Hezhe Language.[J] Manchu Studies. No. 2.
Yang Jinchu. 1993.Current Social, Economic & Cultural Development in Fishery Hezhe Villages and Outlooks: Research Report on Hezhe Minority in Hezhe Villages Jiejinkou, Bacha & Sipai. [J] Heilongjiang Nationality Series.No. 3.
Ye Feisheng & Xu Tongqiang. 1997. Outline of Linguistics. [M] Beijing: Peking University Press.
Zhao Aping. 2000-2006. Research Data on Current Usage of Manchu Language in Village Sanjiazi of Damanke Town, Fuyu County, Heilongjiang Province. [R]
Zhao Aping, Guo Mengxiu & Tang ge. 2002.Urgent Research on Manchu-TungusicLanguage & Culture- Research Report on Manchu Language and its Culture in Village Sanjiazi of Fuyu County. [J] Manchu Studies.No. 2.
Zhao Aping. 2006. Manchu Language, its History & Culture. [M] Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House.
Zhao Aping & Chao Ke. 2001. Research on Current Manchu Language in Heilongjiang Province. [M] Harbin: Publishing House of Heilongjiang Education.
Zhao Aping & He Xuejuan.
Zhao Aping & He Xuejuan. 2007b.Analysis on Cases & Tenses of Endangered Manchu and Hezhe Languages. [J] Manchu Studies.No. 2.
Zhao Jie. 1988.On Development of Loan Words in Manchu Language from Chinese. [J] Linguistic Researches (Yuwen Yanjiu).No. 3.
Zhao Jie. 1992.Penetration of Chinese Language & Chain Effects in Phonology in Manchu Language. [J] Linguistic Researches (Yuwen Yanjiu).No. 4.
Zhao Jie. 2000. Collection of Manchu Language in Bordering Areas. [J] Minority Languages of China. No. 3.
Zhao Jie. 2001. Chinese Linguistics. [M] Zhaohua Press.
Zhao Jinchun. 1999.Brief History of Village Sanjiazi. [J] Cultural & Historical Data of Fuyu County. No. 7.
友情链接: